Практика: задание 11

{"questions":[{"content":"The founding of Rome goes back to the very early days of civilization. It is so old that today it is known as ‘the eternal city’. The Romans thought that their city was founded in the year 753 BC. Modern historians, however, believe it was the year 625 BC.<br /><br />Early Rome was governed by kings, [[fill_choice-5]], the Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves. They had a council known as the ‘senate’, [[fill_choice-6]]. From this point on one speaks of the ‘Roman Republic’.","widgets":{"fill_choice-5":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["who ruled Rome like a king","but after only seven of them had ruled","where he met the famous Cleopatra"],"answer":1},"fill_choice-6":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which he then ruled as a dictator","which ruled over them","who conquered the vast territory in France"],"answer":1}}},{"content":"The word ‘Republic’ itself comes from the Latin words ‘res publica’, which mean ‘public matters’. The senate appointed a consul, [[fill_choice-2]], but only for one year. This was a wise idea, as the consul ruled carefully and not as a tyrant, for he knew that otherwise he could be punished by the next consul, once his year was up.<br />The Roman Republic was a very successful government. It lasted from 510 BC until 23 BC — almost 500 years. In comparison the United States of America only exist since 1776 — less than 250 years.<br /><br />The greatest challenge the Roman Republic faced was that of the Carthaginians. Carthage was a very powerful city in North Africa, [[fill_choice-4]]. The fight between the two sides was a long one and took place on land and on sea. The most famous incident came when the great Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the mountain chain of the Alps to the north of Italy with all his troops and invaded Italy. However, Rome finally won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC.","widgets":{"fill_choice-2":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["who ruled Rome like a king","but after only seven of them had ruled","who conquered the vast territory in France"],"answer":0},"fill_choice-4":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which controlled its own empire","which he then ruled as a dictator","which ruled over them"],"answer":0}}},{"content":"Rome’s most famous citizen was no doubt Julius Caesar. He was a Roman politician and general [[fill_choice-1]]. In the year 49 BC Caesar crossed the small river between his province and Italy, called the river Rubicon, and conquered Rome. His military campaigns also took him to Egypt, [[fill_choice-3]]. His life ended abruptly as he was infamously murdered in the senate in Rome.<br /><br />So famous and respected was Caesar that a month of the year is still named after him today. Also the great English poet William Shakespeare wrote a famous play called Julius Caesar about his famous murder.","widgets":{"fill_choice-1":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which he then ruled as a dictator","which ruled over them","who conquered the vast territory in France"],"answer":2},"fill_choice-3":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which controlled its own empire","but after only seven of them had ruled","where he met the famous Cleopatra"],"answer":2}}},{"content":"The story of tea drinking could have started like this. Once upon a time the world was [[fill_choice-160]] and those who drank it. Yet, the harsh truth is that before 700s no one even thought that tea could be anything else but soup.<br /><br />Sometime in his adolescence, an up-and-coming writer and an accomplished clown, Lu Yu tasted tea soup for the first time. It happened in one of the Buddhist monasteries in Central China. Lu was [[fill_choice-179]] as it contained ginger, onion, dates, mint and even citrus peels.<br />","widgets":{"fill_choice-160":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["divided between those who ate tea","the process of infusing tea leaves","extremely close to brewing fresh tea"],"answer":0},"fill_choice-179":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["the best brews for his wealthy friends","more than unimpressed with the brew","sharpening the mind and stimulating the body"],"answer":1}}},{"content":"Threshed together into a smooth paste this ‘sauce’ was thought to be good for [[fill_choice-256]]. In fact, people in Asia ate tea leaves for millennia, but it was Lu Yu who made tea drinking the norm.<br /><br />Lu Yu adored tea, but he preferred it brewed from [[fill_choice-313]]. When he was not busy writing or performing in a comedy troupe, he was searching through the forests for the best tea leaves.<br />","widgets":{"fill_choice-256":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["powdered tea leaves, without any flavouring","sharpening the mind and stimulating the body","divided between those who ate tea"],"answer":1},"fill_choice-313":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["powdered tea leaves, without any flavouring","extremely close to brewing fresh tea","the process of infusing tea leaves"],"answer":0}}},{"content":"When he was not busy writing or performing in a comedy troupe, he was searching through the forests for the best tea leaves. He was preparing [[fill_choice-406]], transforming tea from a soupy food into the perfect liquid we know it today.<br /><br />Lu Yu even wrote a book titled the Tea Classic which spurred a craze for the leaf. In it he elaborated on the production and preparation of the leaf, [[fill_choice-447]], and the wonderful qualities of the drink. He insisted that tea should only be consumed with water.","widgets":{"fill_choice-406":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["sharpening the mind and stimulating the body","more than unimpressed with the brew","the best brews for his wealthy friends"],"answer":2},"fill_choice-447":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["extremely close to brewing fresh tea","the process of infusing tea leaves","powdered tea leaves, without any flavouring"],"answer":1}}},{"content":"The pyramid is thought to have been built [[fill_choice-824]]. It is the last of the seven wonders of the ancient world still standing. It contains three main chambers: the Queen’s Chamber, the Grand Gallery and the King’s Chamber, [[fill_choice-873]]. Strangely, though, there are two tunnels, about 20 centimetres by 20 centimetres, that extend from the north and south walls of the Queen’s Chamber and stop at stone doors [[fill_choice-922]].<br /><br />The function of these tunnels and doors is unknown, but some believe that one or both could lead to a secret chamber. Several attempts have been made to explore the tunnels using robots.","widgets":{"fill_choice-824":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["before they reach the outside of the pyramid","as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu","which has two air shafts connecting it with the outside world"],"answer":1},"fill_choice-873":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which has two air shafts connecting it with the outside world","why these mysterious shafts were built","that their function is symbolic"],"answer":0},"fill_choice-922":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["what appeared to be a small stone door set with metal pins","when the chamber was being carved","before they reach the outside of the pyramid"],"answer":2}}},{"content":"The function of these tunnels and doors is unknown, but some believe that one or both could lead to a secret chamber. Several attempts have been made to explore the tunnels using robots. In 1993, a robot crawled some 63 metres up the tunnel in the south wall and discovered [[fill_choice-787]]. Metal is not part of any other known structure in the pyramid, and the discovery ignited speculation that the pins were door handles, keys or even parts of a power supply constructed by aliens.<br /><br />Now a robot designed by engineer Rob Richardson from the University of Leeds, UK, has crawled up the tunnel carrying a bendy ‘micro snake’ camera that can see around corners.","widgets":{"fill_choice-787":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["what appeared to be a small stone door set with metal pins","before they reach the outside of the pyramid","as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu"],"answer":0}}},{"content":"As the camera can see around corners, the back of the stone door has been observed for the first time, scotching the more fanciful theories about the metal pins. The pictures from behind the pins show that they end in small, beautifully made loops, indicating that they were more likely ornamental rather than electrical connections. Also, the back of the ‘door’ is polished so it must have been important. It doesn’t look like it was a rough piece of stone used to stop debris getting into the shaft.<br /><br />Images sent back by the camera have revealed hieroglyphs written in red paint and lines in the stone that could be marks left by stone masons [[fill_choice-629]]. ‘If these hieroglyphs could be deciphered, they could help Egyptologists work out [[fill_choice-678]],’ says Richardson.","widgets":{"fill_choice-629":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["when the chamber was being carved","as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu","before they reach the outside of the pyramid"],"answer":0},"fill_choice-678":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["what appeared to be a small stone door set with metal pins","that their function is symbolic","why these mysterious shafts were built"],"answer":2}}},{"content":"Kizhi Island is blessed with one of the most picturesque ensembles of Russian wooden churches. Kizhi Island provides the most scenic destination on Russia’s greatest waterway, the Volga. Situated in the geographical centre of Lake Onega, [[fill_choice-1674]]. Kizhi has long since been a strategic stopover for travellers.<br /><br />At one point in the 16th century, the island was declared a pogost (or parish centre) by the Russian Orthodox Church, and produced lumber and iron in an economy [[fill_choice-1747]]. In the 1950s, the island was almost forgotten. Most of the inhabitants left, and all of the original villages disappeared, [[fill_choice-1820]].","widgets":{"fill_choice-1674":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["that the structures originally came from","which is Europe’s second-largest lake","when the church domes shine with magic light"],"answer":1},"fill_choice-1747":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["that included more than 100 villages","leaving behind impressive wooden relics","as one of Russia’s greatest open-air museums"],"answer":0},"fill_choice-1820":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["as one of Russia’s greatest open-air museums","which is located just near the lake","leaving behind impressive wooden relics"],"answer":2}}},{"content":"Today, this collection of traditional log structures, centred on two churches and a bell tower, is still called the Kizhi Pogost. It lives on [[fill_choice-1455]]. The pogost and the other remaining buildings from the region were collected in the 1960s and restored within this newly established reserve for historical wooden buildings.<br /><br />The buildings were set in three special sectors, named after the regions [[fill_choice-1528]]: North Karelia, Karelia, and Pudozhsky. Moreover, the island was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990.<br /><br />Kizhi is especially beautiful during long northern summers [[fill_choice-1601]]. Yet winter mornings show off the complex in dazzling light, making it look like a fairy-tale setting.","widgets":{"fill_choice-1455":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["as one of Russia’s greatest open-air museums","when the church domes shine with magic light","which is Europe’s second-largest lake"],"answer":0},"fill_choice-1528":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["leaving behind impressive wooden relics","as one of Russia’s greatest open-air museums","that the structures originally came from"],"answer":2},"fill_choice-1601":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["when the church domes shine with magic light","that included more than 100 villages","which is located just near the lake"],"answer":0}}},{"content":"Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning [[fill_choice-3096]]. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.<br />","widgets":{"fill_choice-3096":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which led to an understanding of the causes of disease","which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine","which is an area of ever-growing knowledge"],"answer":1}}},{"content":"The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in [[fill_choice-2950]].<br /><br />The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, [[fill_choice-3023]].","widgets":{"fill_choice-2950":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which led to an understanding of the causes of disease","who were very dangerous","what were the earliest zoological gardens"],"answer":2},"fill_choice-3023":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["which made a very important contribution to the study of botany","that is such an important part of biology today","which is an area of ever-growing knowledge"],"answer":0}}},{"content":"Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, [[fill_choice-2877]]. And new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses.","widgets":{"fill_choice-2877":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["that is such an important part of biology today","which led to an understanding of the causes of disease","what were the earliest zoological gardens"],"answer":1}}},{"content":"In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics [[fill_choice-2780]]. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology — natural selection as the basis of evolution.","widgets":{"fill_choice-2780":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["that is such an important part of biology today","which led to an understanding of the causes of disease","which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine"],"answer":0}}},{"content":"In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology, [[fill_choice-2707]].<br />","widgets":{"fill_choice-2707":{"type":"fill_choice","options":["who were very dangerous","what were the earliest zoological gardens","which is an area of ever-growing knowledge"],"answer":2}}}]}