Практика: задание 10

{"questions":[{"instruction":"Подберите заголовок","content":"A. The practice of serving a roast dinner on a Sunday is related to the elaborate preparation required, and to the housewife’s practice of performing the weekly wash on a Monday, when the cold remains of the roast made an easily assembled meal. Sunday was once the only rest day after a six-day working week; it was also a demonstration that the household was prosperous enough to afford the cost of a better than normal meal.[[choice-1]]","widgets":{"choice-1":{"type":"choice","options":["Origin of the Meal","Increase in Popularity","Change in Quality","Iconic Dish","New word in English","Confusing Name","Seafood","New Food Choices"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"B. Great Britain is surrounded by seas on all sides. No wonder that foods such as deep fried breaded scampi are usually on offer as well as fishcakes and a number of other combinations. However, England is internationally famous for its fish and chips and has a large number of restaurants and take-away shops selling this dish. It may be the most popular and identifiable English dish. Like many national dishes, quality can vary drastically from the commercial or mass-produced product to an authentic or homemade variety using more carefully chosen ingredients.[[choice-29]]","widgets":{"choice-29":{"type":"choice","options":["Iconic Dish","New word in English","Origin of the Meal","Increase in Popularity","Change in Quality","Confusing Name","Seafood","New Food Choices"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"C. Many seaside towns have shellfish stalls located at the beach. Traditionally these sell snack-sized pots of cockles, mussels, jellied eels, shell-on or peeled prawns, crab meat and oysters. The shellfish are served cold and the customer adds condiments to taste. Shellfish is best eaten as fresh as possible, and certainly on the day of purchase. Some shellfish such as squid, octopus and prawns can be frozen successfully; others such as mussels, oysters and clams need to be live when cooked.[[choice-32]]","widgets":{"choice-32":{"type":"choice","options":["Seafood","New Food Choices","Change in Quality","Confusing Name","Origin of the Meal","Iconic Dish","Increase in Popularity","New word in English"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"D. Most large supermarkets in England will stock at least a dozen types of English sausage. English sausages are colloquially known as ‘bangers’. They are distinctive in that they are usually made from fresh meats and rarely smoked, dried, or strongly flavoured. Following the post–World War II period, sausages tended to contain low-quality meat and fat. However, there has been a backlash in recent years, with most butchers and supermarkets now selling premium varieties. Pork and beef are by far the most common bases, although gourmet varieties may contain venison or wild boar.[[choice-35]]","widgets":{"choice-35":{"type":"choice","options":["New word in English","Iconic Dish","Increase in Popularity","Confusing Name","Change in Quality","Seafood","New Food Choices","Origin of the Meal"],"answer":[1]}}},{"content":"E. In the 1950s some British pubs would offer ‘a pie and a pint’, with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the landlord’s wife. In the 1960s and 1970s this developed into the then-fashionable ‘chicken in a basket’, a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket. Since then ‘pub grub’ has expanded to include British food items such as shepherd’s pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman’s lunch, and pasties. Food has become more important in a pub’s trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to snacks consumed at the bar.[[choice-38]]","widgets":{"choice-38":{"type":"choice","options":["New Food Choices","Seafood","Origin of the Meal","Change in Quality","Increase in Popularity","Iconic Dish","New word in English","Confusing Name"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"F. English sandwiches are made with two slices of bread, or some kind of roll. Common types of sandwich are roast beef, chicken, salad, ham and mustard, cheese and pickle, egg mayonnaise, prawn mayonnaise, tuna, marmite and jam. A dainty form of sandwich, cut into small squares, without crusts, and often filled with cucumber, is served at genteel gatherings, such as Royal Garden parties. England can claim to have given the world the word ‘sandwich’, although John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, was not the first to add a filling to bread.[[choice-41]]","widgets":{"choice-41":{"type":"choice","options":["Confusing Name","New word in English","Iconic Dish","Increase in Popularity","Change in Quality","Origin of the Meal","Seafood","New Food Choices"],"answer":[1]}}},{"content":"G. In the USA, a ‘pudding’ is a creamy, dairy dessert, traditionally made with sugar and a couple of other ingredients. It really means nothing else. But the British seem to call a lot of other things ‘pudding’. ‘Apple pudding’ traditionally has a layer of apple covered with a cake topping or a suet pastry, which looks just like apple pie. — ‘Yorkshire pudding’ includes chicken, pork or beef cooked in a crispy outer-batter. ‘Black pudding’ is a kind of thick dark sausage made from animal blood and fat. What makes this a ‘pudding’?[[choice-44]]","widgets":{"choice-44":{"type":"choice","options":["New Food Choices","Seafood","Origin of the Meal","Change in Quality","Confusing Name","Increase in Popularity","New word in English","Iconic Dish"],"answer":[4]}}},{"content":"A. Today, Russia is washed by 13 seas. However, this was not always the case. In the 16th century, the country had only been able to directly access the Arctic Ocean and fought a hard battle to establish some sort of a presence in the Baltic Sea. In 1581, during the Livonian War, Swedish forces captured Narva, which was the only large Russian port on the Baltic coast at that time and was of strategic importance to Russia. So, the Russian tsar Ivan IV had nothing left to do but to look to the north.[[choice-435]]","widgets":{"choice-435":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[1]}}},{"content":"B. In absolute terms, European trade was booming in the 16th century, new trading routes were searched for. It was nearly impossible for Russia to engage in trade with Western Europe in such conditions, but it was absolutely necessary for Russia’s continued development. English traders by then had already carved a route to Russian settlements on the shores of the White Sea. However, there were too few local piers for effective trade to take place. A large full-fledged port was required for merchants’ ships.[[choice-420]]","widgets":{"choice-420":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[2]}}},{"content":"C. On March 4, 1583, the tsar ordered the establishment of a city near the Mikhailo-Archangel monastery, located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, 30 kilometres from the White Sea. The following year, the New Kholmogory fortress was built there and, from the 17th century onwards, it became known as Arkhangelsk. The fortress was constructed from masts tied together. The most skillful master of carpentry could not have produced anything better. It became Russia’s only route into Europe then.[[choice-405]]","widgets":{"choice-405":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[6]}}},{"content":"D. Arkhangelsk developed rapidly as a city, and there were many good reasons for that. A large sea pier was constructed, as well as trade centres for foreign merchants — so-called Guest Courts. Brits, Dutch and other “Germans” brought imported cloth, velvet, lace, wines, precious stones, gunpowder and cannons, bringing back with them wheat, pork and pork fat, sable, sap and other goods. Almost all of Russia’s trade with the West in those days used to be conducted through Arkhangelsk.[[choice-390]]","widgets":{"choice-390":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[4]}}},{"content":"E. Peter I visited the city in 1693 and came to be rather impressed with what he saw: the amount and variety of foreign ships dazzled the young tsar. On his orders, the shipyard was founded, which oversaw the construction of the Russian trading and naval fleet. On June 25, 1701, at the very start of the Northern War against Sweden, the enemy attempted to take the city, but was crushed in the area near the Novodvinsk fortress, which guarded the approaches. This became the first major Russian victory in that war.[[choice-375]]","widgets":{"choice-375":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[7]}}},{"content":"F. At the start of his reign, Peter I accomplished a lot for the development of Arkhangelsk, but, in the end, it was also he who bore the blame for the fading glory of this key centre of Russian trade. After the tide of the war turned in Russian favour, the tsar’s decrees began deliberately redirecting the flow of trade from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg. In 1718, only a third of the exports went through the northern port. And after the war ended, St. Petersburg presided over 100% of all trade with Western states.[[choice-360]]","widgets":{"choice-360":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"G. Until Peter I fought to create his “window to Europe” through the Baltic Sea, the only window of such kind Russia had ever had was situated in the Arctic Ocean. It was the city of Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk has long stopped being the main port in Russia, and the city never served the purpose of the “northern gate” in the country. However, there is one area it never fell behind in — as in the 18th century, the city continues to play a major role in the launching of scientific expeditions into the Arctic Ocean.[[choice-345]]","widgets":{"choice-345":{"type":"choice","options":["The city decline","Difficult early times","A port needed for trade","The status still kept","The time of wealth","A centre of technology","A long-awaited fortress","Glorious war history"],"answer":[3]}}},{"content":"A. Sergiev Posad was built around the Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius. Dating back to 1340, the monastery is one of Russia’s most important historical landmarks. The town possesses a variety of 12–17th century buildings and visitors today still get a real feeling of Medieval Russia. The dominating structure of the monastery is the massive, blue-domed and gold-starred Assumption cathedral, built in the 16th century. Adjacent is the tomb of Boris Godunov and his family. The monastery is still a place of spiritual pilgrimage.[[choice-1809]]","widgets":{"choice-1809":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[5]}}},{"content":"B. Rostov Velikiy (Rostov the Great) is an ancient Russian town located on the ‘Nero’ lake. The history of this place started four thousand years ago, when the first tribes stayed next to the lake. Until the 11th century the territory of Rostov was inhabited by the Finn-Ugors ‘Meryans’ people, and the town was founded by them. Rostov was first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 862. It is a sleepy town with some magnificent buildings. The focal point of the town is the Kremlin. Its churches are good examples of ancient Russian architecture.[[choice-2179]]","widgets":{"choice-2179":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[4]}}},{"content":"C. The name of Suzdal appeared in the annals for the first time in 1024. The first stone church was built here in the 12th century. In Suzdal there are 33 churches, 5 monasteries, 7 chapels and no modern construction in the centre of the town. Suzdal is officially protected from industry, and the old architecture and buildings are kept intact. Suzdal is the town that was awarded The Golden Apple Prize for preservation of its architectural ensemble and tourist development in the area.[[choice-2150]]","widgets":{"choice-2150":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"D. Ples is a small town located in a picturesque area on the banks of the River Volga. It is an ideal place for a picnic or a walking tour, fishing or boat trips. There you can take a traditional Russian steam bath (called ‘banya’), have an opportunity to learn the art of Russian cooking or enjoy painting classes. Ivan Levitan lived in Ples and was inspired by the local nature to paint his famous landscapes. Activities in the area include visits to Levitan’s museum and the Museum of medieval Russian family life.[[choice-2121]]","widgets":{"choice-2121":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[7]}}},{"content":"E. Kostroma, originated in the 12th century, is situated on the left bank of the River Volga. In 1613 Mikhail Romanov came to Kostroma with his mother, a nun, called Marfa. They were hiding from Poles and numerous other groups of outlaws, who were roaming Russia at the time. After daylong talks with his mother, who was against the idea of her son ruling the country, Mikhail finally consented to take the crown and thus became the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty.[[choice-2092]]","widgets":{"choice-2092":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[3]}}},{"content":"F. Yaroslavl is a large, quiet old town, which is much more metropolitan than the other cities of the Golden Ring. The main place of interest is the monastery, founded in the 12th century. The town itself was founded in 1010. According to legend, Yaroslav the Wise wanted to have a trading town in this area. However, the locals responded by sending a bear to stop him. Yaroslav managed to kill the bear with his axe and founded a town on that spot.[[choice-2063]]","widgets":{"choice-2063":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[1]}}},{"content":"G. The village of Ivanovo was first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 1561. The inhabitants were fishing, hunting and trading, but their main occupation was making cloths. The first cloth manufacture was built in the village in 1741 by a peasant who made a fortune from selling home-made cloths. That’s when the glory of Ivanovo took off: the village started to sell its fabrics all over Russia. Ivanovo is still one of the main textile centres of Russia. Interestingly, there are more women than men in the city as they all work in the textile industry.[[choice-2034]]","widgets":{"choice-2034":{"type":"choice","options":["Carefully Preserved","The Emblem with an Animal","The City of Brides","The Cradle of the Tsar Dynasty","The Oldest Town","The Religious Centre","The Market Town","The Home Town of an Artist"],"answer":[2]}}},{"content":"A. There are a lot of different studies that come out about coffee, yet it is still difficult for researchers to agree whether the drink is good for one’s health. There is not enough data to change the guidelines to include more cups of coffee. Drinking two to four cups of coffee a day will usually have positive effects. However, heavy caffeine intake — more than four cups of coffee a day — can cause insomnia, stomach upset, muscle tremors, and restlessness. And this is not a complete list of possible health problems.[[choice-3540]]","widgets":{"choice-3540":{"type":"choice","options":["Tastes differ","Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[4]}}},{"content":"B. Studies have shown that coffee provides other health benefits besides the caffeine boost and the rich flavour — like preventing diabetes and certain cancers. Drinking at least one cup of coffee a day could prevent heart problems. Researchers analyzed the coffee-drinking habits and health histories of thousands of women for 10 years. They found out that women who drank one or more cups of coffee a day were nearly 25% less likely to have a stroke than those who drank less than one cup of coffee a day.[[choice-3966]]","widgets":{"choice-3966":{"type":"choice","options":["Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[6]}}},{"content":"C. The Arabica coffee plant appeared around 600,000 to 1 million years ago, when two other coffee species crossbred in the forests of what is now Ethiopia. It does not matter when it developed, but this hybrid genome enabled the plant to grow successfully as it was farmed across the world. It was believed to have been grown by humans in Ethiopia and then traded to the Middle East, where it became a well-known drink by the 15th century. Arabica coffee now provides about 60% of the world’s coffee supply.[[choice-3923]]","widgets":{"choice-3923":{"type":"choice","options":["Tastes differ","Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[2]}}},{"content":"D. There are lots of legends connected with the Arabica coffee plant spreading. According to one legend, an Indian pilgrim took secretly seven seeds out of Yemen and established coffee farms in India around 1670. Dutch traders began farming the plant in other regions. They first planted the Arabica coffee plant on the island of Java in 1699, and one was sent to a botanical garden in Amsterdam in 1706. The Dutch and the French, with whom a plant was shared, also transported seedlings to their colonies in the 18th century.[[choice-3880]]","widgets":{"choice-3880":{"type":"choice","options":["Tastes differ","Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[1]}}},{"content":"E. Coffee is one of the world’s most widely-consumed beverages, yet individuals may love it or hate it. For some, coffee is the true nectar of the gods, while others will not touch a drop of the stuff. Now, a new study reveals how genes influence people’s preferences for a cup of coffee. The findings boost the idea that a hit of caffeine is what motivates regular coffee consumption. It could also explain why the same amount of coffee or caffeine can have greatly different effects on different people.[[choice-3837]]","widgets":{"choice-3837":{"type":"choice","options":["Tastes differ","Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[0]}}},{"content":"F. When it comes to great flavour, coffee chemistry boils down to roasting and brewing. During roasting, oil locked inside the beans begins to appear at around 400 degrees. The more oil, the stronger the flavour of coffee is. Caffeine content goes up as the water spends more time in contact with the grounds. So regular coffee often has more caffeine than espresso or cappuccino. Darker roasts also contain more caffeine. Thus, great coffee depends on roasting and brewing, rather than additives or flavourings.[[choice-3794]]","widgets":{"choice-3794":{"type":"choice","options":["Tastes differ","Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[7]}}},{"content":"G. For those who like the taste of coffee but can’t stand the caffeine, scientists have created a variety of ways to extract caffeine from coffee beans. In the most common method, called “solvent extraction”, the beans are steamed to raise their moisture content. Dissolved caffeine rises to the surface of the beans and is washed off using an organic solvent. The neutered beans are then dried off and ready to go — to make coffee. In fact, decaffeinated coffee still contains caffeine, but in a very small amount.[[choice-3751]]","widgets":{"choice-3751":{"type":"choice","options":["Tastes differ","Stories behind","How it all started","Is it real coffee?","Friend or foe","Popular recipes","A healthy drink","It’s all in the cooking"],"answer":[3]}}},{"content":"A. Chocolate chip cookies were actually a mistake! One day in 1903, Ruth Wakefield, while baking a batch of cookies, noticed she was out of bakers’ chocolate! As a substitute she broke some semi-sweetened chocolate into small pieces and put them in the dough. She thought that the chocolate would melt in the dough and the dough would absorb it. When she opened up the oven, she realized she had invented the tasty treat called chocolate chip cookies![[choice-5731]]","widgets":{"choice-5731":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[3]}}},{"content":"B. Computers originally began as calculators. The first calculator was made by Blaise Pascal. It only had eight buttons, and it could only do addition and subtraction. There was a set of wheels, and all of the wheels had the numbers zero through nine on them. The wheels were connected by gears and each turn of one wheel would turn the next wheel one-tenth of a turn. This machine was completed in 1642 when Blaise was twenty-one years old.[[choice-6521]]","widgets":{"choice-6521":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[1]}}},{"content":"C. A helicopter has a big advantage over an airplane, especially when people might be trapped in a tight place like on a mountain, where there is not much space to land, or on the water. They are also used for rescuing people from burning buildings or from trees when there are floods. Without the helicopter as a rescue vehicle, many people would lose their lives because the rescuers would be unable to reach them if they were in a difficult area.[[choice-6464]]","widgets":{"choice-6464":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[7]}}},{"content":"D. Cars have always caused air pollution. In the past, there was a lot more air pollution created by cars than there is today. In the future, there will probably be even less. Two good ways for pursuing the dream of less air pollution are cars that run on solar energy and cars that run on fuel cells. Solar energy and fuel cells don’t cause pollution because they do not give off any exhaust.[[choice-6407]]","widgets":{"choice-6407":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[4]}}},{"content":"E. Reporter Rob Spence is planning to have a camera embedded in his eye socket and become a “bionic reporter”. Spence, who lost one of his eyes when he was young, says he has a prototype in development and that one day the replacement of even healthy eyes with bionic ones may become commonplace. “It seems shocking now, but it will become more and more normal,” he said.[[choice-6350]]","widgets":{"choice-6350":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[6]}}},{"content":"F. Crop circles have been appearing in fields all over the world for the past 30 years. There have been suggestions that they are made by flying saucers landing and flattening the crops, or even that they are messages left by visiting aliens. Others think they are created by microwave beams from satellites orbiting the Earth. There are more rational suggestions that crop circles are man-made hoaxes, attempting to convince the public of extra-terrestrial visits.[[choice-6293]]","widgets":{"choice-6293":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[2]}}},{"content":"G. The Egyptian Pyramids have always been surrounded by mystery. When Egyptologists began to open the tombs of the pharaohs, rumours abounded that anyone who raided them would be cursed. Many think a curse was to blame for the death of Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to open King Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1923. He died of pneumonia after being bitten by a mosquito a few weeks after the tomb was opened.[[choice-6208]]","widgets":{"choice-6208":{"type":"choice","options":["Circles on the Water","Ancient Ancestor","Different Explanations","Unexpected Invention","Solution to the Problem","Hidden Menace","Artificial Eye","Significant Benefits"],"answer":[5]}}}]}